Effect of an hour-long stereoscopic film on human body
Last modified: 2011-09-02
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) television sets are available in the market and are becoming increasingly popular among consumers. However, viewing 3D films has potential adverse effects such as asthenopia and visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). The phenomenon of VIMS is not fully understood yet. One cause of VIMS has been considered to be sensory conflict, i.e., the disagreement between vergence and visual accommodation, while viewing a stereoscopic film. VIMS can be analyzed in subjective and physiological terms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of viewing a long stereoscopic film on the human body. An electrocardiogram was obtained for subjects viewing an hour-long stereoscopic film. We also conducted stabilometric analysis for the subjects in the Romberg posture, flicker tests, and subjective questionnaires to detect fatigue and eye strain every 20 minutes. Statistical significance was observed for subjective averages of the test results obtained before exposure to the film and 40 minutes after the initiation of the measurement (p < 0.05). Symptoms of VIMS could be detected during the exposure to the hour-long 3D film. Based on this result, guidelines will be devised to ensure safety in viewing 3D movies.
References
References
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[7] Takada, H ., Kitaoka, , Y. and Shimizu, Y.: Mathematical Iindex and Mmodel in Sstabilometry. Forma 16 (1), 17-46 (2001).
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[14] Takada, H., Fujikake, K., Miyao, M. and Matsuura, Y.: Indices to Ddetect Vvisually Iinduced Mmotion Ssickness using Sstabilometry. Proc. VIMS2007, 178-183 (2007).
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[24] Suzuki, J., Matsunaga, T., Tokumatsu, K., Taguchi, K. and Watanabe, Y.: Q&A and a manual in Sstabilometry. Equilibrium Res 55(1), 64-77 (1996).
[25] Takada, H., Kitaoka, Y., Ichikawa, S. and Miyao, M.: Physical Mmeaning on Ggeometrical Iindex for Sstabilometlry. Equilibrium Res 62(3), 168-180 (2003).
[26] Wayland, R., Bromley, D., PickeTTPickett, D. and, Passamante, A.: Recognizing determinism in a time series. Phys. Rev. Lett., 70, 530–582 (1993).
[27] Takada, H., Morimoto, T., Tsunashima, H., Yamazaki, T., Hoshina, H. and, Miyao, M.: Applications of Double-Wayland algorithm to detect anomalous signals. FORMA 21 (2), 159-167 (2006).
[28] Matsumoto, T., Tokunaga, R., Miyano, T. and, Tokuda, I.: Chaos and Ttime Sseries. Baihukan, Tokyo, 49–-64 (2002) (in Japanese).
[29] Takada, H., Shimizu, Y., Hoshina, H. and, Shiozawa, Y.: Wayland tests for differenced time series could evaluate degrees of visible determinism. Bulletin of Society for Science on Form, 17(3), 301-310 (2005).
[30] Goldie, P., A., Bach, T., M., and Evans, O., M.: Force platform measures for evaluating postural control: rReliability and validity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 70, 510–-517(1989).
[1] Okawa, T., Tokita, T., Shibata, Y., Ogawa, T. and Miyata, H.: Stabilometry - Significance of Llocus Llength Pper Uunit Aarea (L/A) in Ppatients with Eequilibrium Ddisturbances. Equilibrium Res 55(3), 283-293 (1995).
[2] Kaga, K., and Memaino, K.ouzo: Structure of vertigo, Kanehara, Tokyo, 23-26, 95-100 (1992).
[3] Okawa, T., Tokita, T., Shibata, Y., Ogawa, T. and Miyata, H.: Stabilometry - Significance of locus length per unit area (L/A). Equilibrium Res 54(3), 296-306 (1996).
[4] Collins, J. J. and De Luca, C. J.: Open-loop and closed-loop control of posture: A random-walk analysis of center of pressure trajectories. Exp. Brain Res 95, 308-318 (1993).
[5] Emmerrik, R., E., A., Van Sprague, R. L. and Newell, K. M.: Assessment of sway dynamics in tardive dyskinesia and developmental disability: sSway profile orientation and stereotypy. Moving Disorders 8, 305-314 (1993).
[6] Newell, K., M., Slobounov, S., M., Slobounova, E. S. and Molenaar, P. C.: Stochastic processes in postural center-of-pressure profiles. Exp Brain Res 113, 158–-164 (1997).
[7] Takada, H ., Kitaoka, , Y. and Shimizu, Y.: Mathematical Iindex and Mmodel in Sstabilometry. Forma 16 (1), 17-46 (2001).
[8] Fujiwara, K. and Toyama, H.: Analysis of dynamic balance and its training effect - Focusing on fall problem of elder persons. Bulletin of the Physical Fitness Research Institute 83, 123-134 (1993).
[9] Stoffregen, T., A., Hettinger, L., J., Haas, M., W., Roe, M. M. and Smart, L. J.: Postural instability and motion sickness in a fixed-base flight simulator. Human Factors 42, 458-469 (2000).
[10] Riccio, G. E. and Stoffregen, T. A.: An Eecological theory of motion sickness and postural instability. Ecological Physiology 3(3), 195-240 (1991).
[11] Oman, C.: A heuristic mathematical model for the dynamics of sensory conflict and motion sickness. Acta Otolaryngologica Supplement 392, 1-44 (1982).
[12] Reason, J.: Motion sickness add –aptation: aA neural mismatch model. J Royal Soc Med 71, 819-829 (1978).
[13] Stoffregen, T., A., Smart, L., J., Bardy, B. J. and Pagulayan, R. J.: Postural stabilization of looking. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 25, 1641-1658 (1999).
[14] Takada, H., Fujikake, K., Miyao, M. and Matsuura, Y.: Indices to Ddetect Vvisually Iinduced Mmotion Ssickness using Sstabilometry. Proc. VIMS2007, 178-183 (2007).
[15] Hatada, T.: Nikkei electronics 444, 205-223 (1988).
[16] Yasui, R., Matsuda, I. and Kakeya, H.: Combining volumetric edge display and multiview display for expression of natural 3D images. Proc. SPIE 6055, 0Y1-0Y9 (2006).
[17] Kakeya, H.: MOEVision: sSimple multiview display with clear floating image. Proc. SPIE 6490, 64900J (2007).
[18] Kennedy, R., S., Lane, N., E., Berbaum, K. S. and Lilienthal, M. G.: A simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ): A new method for quantifying simulator sickness. International J Aviation Psychology 3, 203-220 (1993).
[19] Holomes, S. R. and Griffin, M. J.: Correlation between heart rate and the severity of motion sickness caused by optokinetic stimulation. J. Psychophysiology 15, 35-42 (2001).
[20] Himi, N., Koga, T., Nakamura, E., Kobashi, M., Yamane, M. and Tsujioka, K.: Differences in autonomic responses between subjects with and without nausea while watching an irregularly oscillating video. Autonomic Neuroscience. Basic and Clinical 116, 46-53 (2004).
[21] Yokota, Y., Aoki, M. and Mizuta, K.: Motion sickness susceptibility associated with visually induced postural instability and cardiac autonomic responses in healthy subjects. Acta Otolaryngologia 125, 280-285 (2005).
[22] Scibora, L., M., Villard, S., Bardy, B. and Stoffregen, T. A.: Wider stance reduces body sway and motion sickness. Proc. VIMS 2007, 18-23 (2007).
[23] Fujikake, K., Miyao, M., Watanabe, T., Hasegawa, S., Omori, M. and, Takada, H.: Evaluation of Bbody Ssway and the Rrelevant Ddynamics Wwhile Vviewing a Tthree-Ddimensional Mmovie on a Hhead-Mmounted Ddisplay by Uusing Sstabilograms. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2009, Volume 5622/2009, 41-50 (2009).
[24] Suzuki, J., Matsunaga, T., Tokumatsu, K., Taguchi, K. and Watanabe, Y.: Q&A and a manual in Sstabilometry. Equilibrium Res 55(1), 64-77 (1996).
[25] Takada, H., Kitaoka, Y., Ichikawa, S. and Miyao, M.: Physical Mmeaning on Ggeometrical Iindex for Sstabilometlry. Equilibrium Res 62(3), 168-180 (2003).
[26] Wayland, R., Bromley, D., PickeTTPickett, D. and, Passamante, A.: Recognizing determinism in a time series. Phys. Rev. Lett., 70, 530–582 (1993).
[27] Takada, H., Morimoto, T., Tsunashima, H., Yamazaki, T., Hoshina, H. and, Miyao, M.: Applications of Double-Wayland algorithm to detect anomalous signals. FORMA 21 (2), 159-167 (2006).
[28] Matsumoto, T., Tokunaga, R., Miyano, T. and, Tokuda, I.: Chaos and Ttime Sseries. Baihukan, Tokyo, 49–-64 (2002) (in Japanese).
[29] Takada, H., Shimizu, Y., Hoshina, H. and, Shiozawa, Y.: Wayland tests for differenced time series could evaluate degrees of visible determinism. Bulletin of Society for Science on Form, 17(3), 301-310 (2005).
[30] Goldie, P., A., Bach, T., M., and Evans, O., M.: Force platform measures for evaluating postural control: rReliability and validity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 70, 510–-517(1989).